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Robert BM Landewé 《Arthritis research & therapy》2010,12(4):132-2
Increasingly, we see papers describing the long-term follow-up results of randomised clinical trials. Sometimes, like the
article by Rantalaiho and colleagues in the previous issue of Arthritis Research & Therapy, the follow-up extends to more than 10 years. It is not uncommon that authors of such articles describe their results as
a comparison of the original treatment groups in the original randomised clinical trial. Methodologically, such a comparison
is fallible for several reasons. In this editorial, two important sources of bias that may jeopardise the results of such
follow-up studies are discussed: confounding by indication and confounding by trial completion. 相似文献
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BM Madison 《Biotechnic & histochemistry》2001,76(3):119-125
Stains have been used for diagnosing infectious diseases since the late 1800s. The Gram stain remains the most commonly used stain because it detects and differentiates a wide range of pathogens. The next most commonly used diagnostic technique is acid-fast staining that is used primarily to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other severe infections. Many infectious agents grow slowly on culture media or may not grow at all; stains may be the only method to detect these organisms in clinical specimens. In the hands of experienced clinical microscopists, stains provide rapid and cost-effective information for preliminary diagnosis of infectious diseases. A review of the most common staining methods used in the clinical microbiology laboratory is presented here. 相似文献
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